Cryptocurrency

A cryptocurrency (or crypto currency) is a digital asset designed to work as a medium of exchange that uses cryptography to secure its transactions, to control the creation of additional units, and to verify the transfer of assets. Cryptocurrencies are classified as a subset of digital currencies and are also classified as a subset of alternative currencies and virtual currencies.
Bitcoin, created in 2009, was the first decentralized cryptocurrency. Since then, numerous other cryptocurrencies have been created. These are frequently called altcoins, as a blend of alternative coin. Bitcoin and its derivatives use decentralized control as opposed to centralized electronic money and central banking systems. The decentralized control is related to the use of bitcoin's blockchain transaction database in the role of a distributed ledger.
Decentralized cryptocurrency is produced by the entire cryptocurrency
system collectively, at a rate which is defined when the system is
created and which is publicly known. In centralized banking and economic
systems such as the Federal Reserve System, corporate boards or governments control the supply of currency by printing units of fiat money
or demanding additions to digital banking ledgers. In case of
decentralized cryptocurrency, companies or governments cannot produce
new units, and have not so far provided backing for other firms, banks
or corporate entities which hold asset value measured in it. The
underlying technical system upon which decentralized cryptocurrencies
are based was created by the group or individual known as Satoshi Nakamoto.
As of September 2017, over a thousand cryptocurrency specifications exist; most are similar to and derived from the first fully implemented decentralized cryptocurrency, bitcoin. Within cryptocurrency systems the safety, integrity and balance of ledgers
is maintained by a community of mutually distrustful parties referred
to as miners: members of the general public using their computers to
help validate and timestamp transactions, adding them to the ledger in
accordance with a particular timestamping scheme. Miners have a financial incentive to maintain the security of a cryptocurrency ledger.
Most cryptocurrencies are designed to gradually decrease production
of currency, placing an ultimate cap on the total amount of currency
that will ever be in circulation, mimicking precious metals.Compared with ordinary currencies held by financial institutions or kept as cash on hand, cryptocurrencies can be more difficult for seizure by law enforcement
This difficulty is derived from leveraging cryptographic technologies. A
primary example of this new challenge for law enforcement comes from
the Silk Road case, where Ulbricht's bitcoin stash "was held separately
and ... encrypted." Cryptocurrencies such as bitcoin are pseudonymous, though additions such as Zerocoin have been suggested, which would allow for true anonymity
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